Philippine Customs History Essay

Chronicled records show that the Philippine Customs Service began numerous hundreds of years back well before the Philippines was found by the eastern and western expeditionaries. The Philippines had effectively a thriving exchange with nations of Southeast Asia, however since cash around then was not yet the vehicle of trade, individuals at that point depended on the bargain arrangement of products. The leaders of the barangays were known as the â€Å"datus† or â€Å"rajahs† gathered tributes from the individuals before they were permitted to take part in their exchange. The act of gathering tributes turned out to be a piece of their way of life and was then watched and observed as the Customs Law of the Land. The Spanish Regime After Spain had assumed full responsibility for practically all the exchanges of the nation, it passed three significant rules: 1.Spanish Customs Law which was like that of the Indies upheld in the nation from 1582 to 1828. It was an idea of advertisement valorem required on import and fare. 2.A Tariff Board was set up which drew up a tax of fixed qualities for every imported article on which (10%) advertisement valorem obligation was consistently gathered. 3.Another Tariff Law was presented in 1891, which built up the particular obligations on all imports and on specific fares and this kept going till the finish of the Spanish guideline in the Philippines. The American Regime At the point when the Americans went to the Philippines, the Military Government kept on upholding the Spanish Tariff Code of 1891, which stayed as a result until the Philippine Commission ordered the Tariff Revision Law of 1901. On October 24, 1900, the Philippine Commission passed Act No. 33 canceling and changing the situation of Captain of the Port to Collector of Customs in all ports of section with the exception of the Port of Manila. The assignment of the Captain of the Port in the Port of Manila was held. At the point when the Civil Government was built up in the Philippines, the most significant laws passed by the Philippine Commission were the accompanying: 1.Tariff Revision Law of 1902 dependent on the hypothesis that the laws of Spain were not as exhaustive as the American Customs Laws to acclimate with the current states of the nation. 2.Philippine Administrative Act No. 355 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6, 1902. The full usage of this Act, be that as it may, was viewed as deficient and inadequate, so the Customs Service Act No. 355, called the Philippine Customs Service Act was passed to correct the past laws. After a few changes and corrections, the Philippine Customs Service at long last turned into a down to earth partner of the American Customs Service. 3.Act No. 357 revamped the Philippine Customs Service and formally assigned the Insular Collector of Customs as Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. 4.Act No. 625 annulled the Captain of the Port for the Port of Manila. 5.Public Act No. 430 changed the Philippine Customs Service to a Bureau of Customs and Immigration under the oversight and control of the Department of Finance and Justice. At the point when the Department of Justice turned into a different office from the Department of Finance, te Customs Service stayed under the umbrella of the last which set-up stayed up to this time. The Commonwealth Government After the Commonwealth Government was built up in the nation, the Philippine Legislature instituted Commonwealth Act No. 613 shaping the Bureau of Immigration as a different office from the Bureau of Customs. On May 1, 1947, the Bureau of Customs has as its head the Insular Collector of Customs. He was helped by the Deputy Insular Collector of Customs. The two authorities were simultaneously Collector of Customs and the Deputy Collector of Customs of the Port of Manila. The Republic Pursuant to the Executive Order No. 94 of Republic Act No. 52, the President of the Philippines revamped the various offices, departments, workplaces and organizations of the legislature of the Republic of the Philippines. Thusly, the Insular Collector of Customs was changed to Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. The rearrangement produced results on July 1, 1947. In 1957, Congress ordered the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines known as Republic Act No. 1937, also called the â€Å"Tariff Law of the Republic of the Philippines†. This produced results on July 1, 1957. The section of this demonstration by the ancient Congress of the Philippines subject to the arrangements of the Laurel-Langley Agreement, turned into the primary authority articulation of a self-sufficient Philippine Tariff Policy. Before the section of Republic Act 1937, all importations from the United States delighted in full exclusions compliant with the Tariff Act No. 1902 which was received by Republic Act No. 3 as the Tariff Laws of the Philippines. The Republic As per the Executive Order No. 94 of Republic Act No. 52, the President of the Philippines rearranged the various offices, authorities, workplaces and organizations of the legislature of the Republic of the Philippines. Thusly, the Insular Collector of Customs was changed to Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. The revamping produced results on July 1, 1947. I n 1957, Congress ordered the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines known as Republic Act No. 1937, also called the â€Å"Tariff Law of the Republic of the Philippines†. This produced results on July 1, 1957. The section of this demonstration by the dead Congress of the Philippines subject to the arrangements of the Laurel-Langley Agreement, turned into the main authority articulation of a self-ruling Philippine Tariff Policy. Before the entry of Republic Act 1937, all importations from the United States delighted in full exceptions as per the Tariff Act No. 1902 which was embraced by Republic Act No. 3 as th e Tariff Laws of the Philippines. The Reorganization of the Bureau of Customs On February 4, 1965, the Bureau of Customs was rearranged in accordance with Customs Administrative Order No. 4-65 by power if Sec. 550 and 551 of the Revised Administrative Code of Republic Act 4164. During the redesign, workplaces under the immediate oversight and control of the Commissioner were raised to Department Level with positions higher than Division Level. These Departments were the accompanying: Public Relations, Personnel, Legal, Administrative Service, Budget and Finance, and the Management Improvement. Moreover, three (3) positioning Customs positions were made, to be specific: Assistant Commissioner for Revenue, Assistant Commissioner for Security, and Director for Operations. Afterward, Customs Administrative Order No. 4065 was revised annulling the situation of Assistant Commissioner for Security and making the situation of Director for Administration. In 1972, Congress passed the law modifying the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines. Be that as it may, before it very well may be executed, the President of the Republic of the Philippines gave Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 pronouncing Martial Law in the nation. On October 27, 1972, President Ferdinand E. Marcos marked Presidential Decree No. 34 correcting the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines. The new Code produced results on November 26, 1972 aside from Section 104 thereof which got compelling just on January 1, 1973. Another rearrangement of the Bureau of Customs produced results on September 24, 1972, compliant with Presidential Decree No. 1 making six (6) Customs Services under the Office of the Commissioner and making jurisdictional restrictions of twelve (12) assortment locale with the Principal Ports and Sub-ports of section under the management and control of the Collector of the Principal Port of Entry. Because of this redesign, the assignment of heads of various administrations was called Customs Service Chiefs, and heads of workplaces with rank of division were assigned Customs Operations Chiefs and the Head of the National Customs Police as Director. It was in this reorganizational set-up that the Directors for Administration and Operations, and the Assistant Commissioner for Revenue were abrogated. In 1975, the Bureau attempted another revamping under Presidential Decree No. 689 and the outcome is the thing that you see now in the Organization Chart, with the exception of some slight changes and alterations. On June 11, 1978, the Tariff and Customs Code was additionally altered, changed and enhanced by new situations to make it a responsive code with regards to the formative projects of the New Society. The new Code was encapsulated in Presidential Decree No. 1464. With the promotion of the Philippines to the Customs Co-Operation Council (CCC), the Tariff and Customs Code must be amended once more so as to adjust our tax framework to the CCC Nomenclature, and the outcome is the directly authorized Tariff and Customs Code of 1982, reexamined by ideals of Executive Order No. 688. This new Code likewise absorbed different changes to the Customs Code under P.D. 1628 and 1980 just as reprints of the duty concessions under the General Agreement on Tariff Multilateral Agreement Negotiations as gave in Executive Order No. 578, arrangement of 1980, and the levy concessions conceded to ASEAN part nations as epitomized in different Executive Orders from 1978 to 1981. The last significant revamping of the Bureau occurred in 1986 after the EDSA Revolution with the issuance of Executive Order No. 127 which extended the association umbrella of the Central Office by giving workplaces that will screen and organize evaluation and tasks of the Bureau and accommodated a staff of around 5,500 traditions faculty. The execution of the computerization program additionally required the making of another Group to guarantee its constant turn of events and progress. The making of the Management Information System and Technology Group (MISTG) under another Deputy Commissioner with 92 positions was approved under Executive Order No. 463 dated January 9, 1998.

The Readiness of Children to Step into the Classroom :: Child Development Education Psychology Essays

The Readiness of Children to Step into the Classroom Are guardians prepared to red shirt there youngsters? No, I’m not discussing sports yet kindergarten. Numerous guardians are confronting the issue of whether their youngsters are prepared for the enormous advance into the study hall. Before entering kindergarten kids need to build up their perceptual expertise (profundity recognition). As people we need profundity recognition for location, separation, and recognizable proof of items. Profundity discernment is a troublesome theme to access because of the way that the world is three dimensional and human dreams are two dimensional. At the point when transmitted to the cerebrum, a picture on the retina isn't an image; rather it is an example of nerve driving forces, stirred by a light example that ends in the visual zone of the cerebral cortex. Through some action of the occipital flaps of the cerebral cortex, people evidently see the outside world in a three-dimensional way that is corresponded with the retinal-picture design in some precise way. Clinicians are especially inspired by the signals which empower individuals to see profundity and separation. Upgrade designs for exciting a profundity experience happen when people are given explicit signs. The signs might be monocular, powerful when utilizing one eye just as two, or binocular, requiring the utilization of the two eyes. The signs may likewise be mental, contingent just upon the visual picture, or physiological, beginning from the structure and development of the eyes. In this paper I will clarify perceptual turn of events and how it identifies with creatures, babies, and visually impaired newborn children. Early stages is the time of life wherein improvement happens most quickly. Improvement happens in a wide range of ways and has been sorted with the investigation of early stages into physical, engine, and perceptual turn of events. Every one of these types of improvement happens at the same time and progress in each encourages the advancement of the other. There are numerous investigations I will evaluate to additionally disclose how they add to clarifying the advancement of observation. In growing direct recognition one must have the option to legitimately see what the articles and surfaces in the earth are seen as an activity of affordances. A case of an affordance is step climbing. Strolling down a stairway as a multi month and grown-up are extraordinary. As an individual develops, view of affordances may change. When climbing the steps an individual must have the option to pass judgment on leg length to decide how they climb the steps.

Essay on the Internet on Human Psychology

Essay on the Internet on Human Psychology Spread of the Internet on Human Psychology Dec 20, 2018 in Psychology Is Google Making Us Stupid? The article by Nicholas Carr, the author of a very interesting book The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, From Edison to Google, published in the year of 2008, is thoroughly discussing the effects, made by computerizing in general. It touches upon the spread of the Internet on human psychology, and particularly, on the way people comprehend written information on the cognitive function of the brain. The author starts with analyzing his own feelings regarding reading habits, which, as he feels, have changed, since he started to actively use computer and the Internet. According to the authors observations, he started to find it difficult to read longer fractions of written text. He explains it as a result of being used to surf information online. Carr explains that by browsing the Internet, we hardly stop at a particular place, and allow ourselves to be absorbed by the reading. Deep reading, as the author calls it, is not the case any more.

The Bronze And Iron Age Essay - 2093 Words

Classics Essay Question: 1-What Can Homer tell us about the Bronze and Iron Age The Bronze and Iron Ages were 2 of the main periods in Greek History and Homer can tell us a lot about them. The Bronze Age was all about mixing copper with tin or arsenic to bronze hence it is called the Bronze Age. The Iron Age was when the whole of the east Mediterranean was in crisis. In central Anatolia, the collapse of the Hitties opened the gates to invaders who overran the country. Firstly, let’s talk about Homer- a lot of the works that he wrote were set in the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Homer is the first known European poet and of such importance to the Greeks. Homer became the basis for Greek education and is still widely read in high schools and universities today. He is the best primary source for knowing what the Greeks were thinking in the eighth century B.C. as they fought each other and sailed across dangerous seas to found new city states in alien lands. Greeks believe that that heroic society described by Homer flourished at a time corresponding to the 13th or early 12th century in our chronology. Homers greatest works are the Iliad and Odyssey. The both tell the story of heroes trying to survive their way through war and other things. Here is just an example of Homer’s poetry â€Å"He cast on the fire bronze which is weariness, and tin with it and valuable gold and silver and thereafter set forth upon its standard the great anvil, and gripped â€Å". The poems of Illiad depict theShow MoreRelatedEarth s Impact On Earth1201 Words   |  5 Pagesdesirable traits. As the population grew but the resources decreased animals and plants started to extinct. Stone Age brought many changes such as animals and plants started to evolve. Also, Bronze and Iron Ages which brought industrial growth and humans began modernizing and their hunger of making this world a better place haven’t ended till date. Agricultural Revolution, Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages had positive and negative effect on the population. Humans were positively affected by these in many waysRead MoreA Study of Iron Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesIron is an important element to the scientific community, especially those involved in the branch of chemistry. Consequently, humans rely on iron for many different things. Iron is diverse from all other elements with regards to its natural occurrence, historic and contemporary uses, the origin of its name, and when, how, where, and by whom it was discovered. It also has unique characteristic physical and chemical properties. Without the discovery, and distinctive properties of iron, life on EarthRead MoreThe Yellow River And The Chinese Nation1405 Words   |  6 PagesKingdom was then able to produce an abundant amount of crops since the Yellow River was not flooding and destroying all of them. 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Daniel1176 Words   |  5 Pagesyou, and its appearance was awesome. The head of that statue was made of fine gold, its arms of silver, its belly and its thighs of bronze , its legs of iron, its feet partly of iron and partly of clay. You continued looking until a stone was cut out without hands, and it struck the statue on its feet iron any clay and crushed them. Then the iron, the clay, the bronze, the silver, and the gold were crushed all at the same time and became like chaff from the summer threshing floors; and the wind carriedRead MoreAncient Chinese Compass And Its Effects On Civilization1581 Words   |  7 Pages(Chinese Culture, Tradition, and Customs.). Up until 1450 C.E., China was more technologically advanced than any other country in the world, beating out Europe and the Islamic territories. The Chinese invented hundreds of items, but papermaking, cast iron, canal locks, gunpowder, kites, silk, and the compass are some of the most prominent (Diamond 242-243). However, the compass was the most important technological advancement in ancient Chinese civilization, because it opened up opportunities for explorationRead MoreThe Odyssey by Homer1210 Words   |  5 PagesOdyssey is an indirect sequel, and the fall of Troy; even though the story is believed to have been composed some time during the eight century B.C.E. it is estimated to be set sometime between 1300 and 1000 B.C.E. in Mycenaean Greece during the Bronze age. In this novel all Greek heroes have returned home after the fall of Troy, except for Odysseus who after a three year journey has been held captive by the goddess Calypso, who has fallen in love with him, on her island, Ogygia. After the ten years

Frankenstein mary shelley a fable of revolution Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the pioneer women feminist authors. Mr. William Godwin, Shelley’s father penned several political articles as well as advocated several ground-breaking ideas. Shelley was self-educated as well as by her father’s intellectual circle, learning from both her parents and their friends’ works several times and even alluding to them after composing Frankenstein. At only the age of 16,Mary eloped with Percy Shelley to Switzerland and married him in 1816.It was during that same year that Mary was challenged by Lord Byron to write a ghost story, and consequently she started writing Frankenstein in the Summer of 1816.Mary’s novel about monsters was on the basis of her own widespread â€Å"reading on French Revolution†(Strrenburg 143). In deed there were 2 revolutions that were continuing at this time; The Haitian Revolution and the French Revolution. Nevertheless, French Revolution was the key historical occurrence during the 1790s whose main objective was establishment of a social order on the basis of justice and reason. This idealistic revolution had several supporters including Britain with Shelley’s parents being amongst the supporters. We will write a custom essay sample on Frankenstein mary shelley a fable of revolution or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Shelley’s father even wrote some work in support of the revolution, which ultimately would be suppressed after the declaration of war in 1793 against France by the British government. The sympathizers of French revolutionaries would later be prosecuted in the same year by British government(Smith 8). It therefore makes sense that Shelley would talk about the English revolution instead of the French revolution in order to evade suppression by her eliciting of compassion for an oppressed monster in her novel. On the other hand, 1790s saw the Haitian Revolution take place. The Haitian independence revolution started as a revolt and the moment Napoleon’s army was defeated by the slaves in Haiti, forming the first ever Black republic (Reinhardt 246). Thus, ideally, the novel is set at this period, as oppressed slaves battled for their freedom from their oppressors. Logically, Shelley would naturally sympathize with these slaves since both o f her parents were abolitionists. Shelley’s mother was a well-known feminist, with her writings frequently depicting women as slaves to men. In addition, Shelley’s mother also explicitly criticized slavery in her analysis of Olaudah Esquiano’s Interesting Narrative (Bugg 655). Clearly then as reflected in its historical context, oppression is a significant subject in the text.

Behavior problems in children and adolescents Free Essays

Studies regarding substance abuse (alcohol included) yielded results that clearly associate self esteem closely to it. Those who are engaged in alcohol use in later or older age do so because they have learned the use of it in their early and moldable years (11 years old or 5th 6th grade). Consequently, attempts have been made to deal with the area of self-esteem in hopes that when this psychological problem among teens is addressed properly, substance abuse might somehow be curbed. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavior problems in children and adolescents or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are programs that cater to this need and they are actually placed side by side with the traditional curriculums of some schools. Experts and researchers believe that this quandary of alcohol abuse among teens may be helped by treating it in a stage where it is less obvious – that is, when the youngster is not yet manifesting or is obviously using alcohol, but on the brink of experimenting on it (Donnelly, 2007). The line of attack of this particular method is directed towards factors that are crucial to the make up of adolescents’ life experiences. Understanding the transitions that teenagers most likely will go through is the underlying principle that facilitated the study that eventually led to the formation of this program. Hence, the high hopes that the proponents of this program maintain. In this paper, the author tries to explore and explain the rubric of the particular synopsis mentioned above and to finally (in the process) convince its readers of its viability in decreasing the problem of alcoholism among teens and young adults in the coming years. It explains the rationale behind the effectiveness of the curriculum since the whole program is aimed at the core level of the perpetual potential problem of alcohol addiction. ~What you learned. The National Association for Self-Esteem (NASE), as the very name of the association clearly implies, believe that the self-esteem of the individual plays a major role why or why not that particular person is using/abusing or not using/abusing alcohol. The observation is that teenagers with low self esteem have higher likelihood to experiment not only with alcohol but with other harmful psychoactive substances than those with high self-esteem. Furthermore, their studies yield evidences that point to the fact that individuals with positive self-esteem show not only little serious involvement with addictive substances but lesser tendency to risk trying the pleasures of these drugs. Convinced of this observation, self-esteem proponents constantly research and write articles that speak to the issue. They support a prevention program which has within it as crucial part â€Å"self-esteem enhancement. † Not any prevention program or traditional approach to the problem will achieve a longer-lasting effect. Overwhelming data available have proven that traditional school programs are not sufficient to address the issue; in order to be really effective in curbing alcoholism among teenagers, it is very important that as researches yield additional information, new strategies should be incorporated and employed as well. Important factors along with self-esteem that must be tackled include: personal efficacy, ability to decide wisely for oneself, and communication skills, etc. These areas must be developed since they influence and affect the behavior of an individual. It is believed that when these basic skills are taught and cultivated, rather than concentrating on the harmful effects of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs, the benefits will be much more than the reduction of the likelihood of teenagers and young adults to use and abuse drugs. Involvement with other behavioral correlates like unsafe sexual encounters, and teenage pregnancy, will also diminish. The timing of the implementation of this kind of preventive program in schools for it to really achieve its goal among teenagers is also emphasized. It has to be implemented early, or else, its efficacy will lessen. Dr. Joseph Donnelly (self-esteem proponent) said: â€Å"It is much easier to prevent adolescents from ever engaging in the use of substances than it is to deter that use once it has begun. † ~One question you have. Self-esteem is indeed all important aspect that influences other facets of an adolescent’s life. Question remains especially to one who had had enormous experiences in psychotherapy and in dealing with myriad problems and situations/scenarios besetting the youth experimenting with alcohol: cynics question the simplistic apprehension and approach. What about the role of modeling by parents hardly making breakthroughs in these adolescents who make alcohol their refuge but also as a way of life like their parents did? Reference: Donnelly, Joseph. Self-Esteem and it’s Relationship to Alcohol and Substance Abuse Prevention in Adolescents. Dept. of Health Professions/PERLS National Association for Self-esteem. Accessed January 2008. http://www. self-estee How to cite Behavior problems in children and adolescents, Papers

Cost Benefits of Friendship free essay sample

Can men and women be just friends? There is a song called â€Å"Why can’t We Be Friends? Or have you ever watched the movie when Harry Met Sally and they both are sitting in the diner late at night and the famous scene when Sally asks Harry that men and women can just be friends without having sex with each other. (Reiner, 1989)It is possible? I think and it can be done, but the biggest difference is that men always think about sex and women may think about sex, but a friendship is more important in both sexes than the sex itself. Much of human social interaction occurs within the context of enduring relationships, such as kinships and friendships. Friendships prevent good and bad differences. In principle, friendships can provide a bounty of benefits that historically may have been linked directly or indirectly with reproduce one of the complexities of friendship is that some characteristics of friendship are perceived as both beneficial and costly game. A friendship protects each other and I see this based on the survey from this paper. First, I think we must define what a benefit is and secondly, what is the definition of costly? The benefits are what are good for the both people and person involved. TED Talks: Helen Fisher: â€Å"The Brain in Love†- I found this video very interesting and yet very sad, because Helen Fisher would not want to test my brain with the MRI scan. I thought it was noted that she took an older couple who was married for at least 25 years and it was noted the brain was active with the receptors of still being in love. And, she used different conductors, couple who just broke up, couples who were married fir along time. Helen Fisher used animals to test het theories not on sexual tendencies, but rather on romantic interests. My favorite line which I liked the best, which is, â€Å"I would like to tell the medical, legal and the college community that romantic love is the most addictive substance on Earth† (Fisher, 2008). I really believe that to be true and those simple lines have been around since the time of Adam and Eve, and even then the apple got in the way. Attraction and Relationships are truly at the root of all relationships of both liking and loving is a basic attraction. . Unlike, people rarely fall instantly and forever in love, However, I am one of those rare exceptions where I fell in love at first and have remained that way for more than 22 years. That researcher should come and talk to me, can love be unrequited and has this research indicate that individuals who view their partners as best friends as well as lovers seem to have the happiest and healthiest relationships. Love has dozens of definitions, degrees of intensity, and even applications to family members, friends, and even strangers. Social psychology research has determined several factors that influence our attraction to others. These factors include proximity we like/love those who are physically close to us; interpersonal rewards – I like/love those who provide rewards such as wit, charm, and goods; similarity we like/love those who share our attitudes, values, and interests; and physical attractiveness I like/love those at the same level of physical attractiveness. Citation for this research assignment (Buss, 2000) asked 116 questions on how these questions would be beneficial and costly? I tried to do some and I realized at my age they were not relevant to me at all. I thought they were pretty outdated and ridiculous for me to answer. I found some interesting and what would I do if†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but, it seemed I answered some of them; however a lot of them were not applicable. This article is very challenging to write and I feel the abstract and summary of this article is very summed up by Helen Fisher’s You Tube video, â€Å"The Brain in Love†- all this research in the end is a waste of time, because it only proves that love doesn’t last forever, it gives you nothing but heart ache and anxiety, depression and probably at some point in someone’s life, even death can occur. If there was a walking anesthetic that I could take to ease my pain, I would take it. I can imagine other people going through the same pain. (Buss, 2000) goes on to explain in great detail the interpersonal relationships through his statistics between the men and women of certain ages and go through a serious of questions and answers, it only seems right that the answers were asked almost 13 years ago, I can imagine how this has changed and would the answers be different today or the same. Does time change us when we are in love or do we change? That is the question to ask? Next, reading the article and writing a paper in which I critically assess the research question(s) I am trying to address, the hypotheses of the study, the methodology (etc. ), and the key findings reported, and after the conclusion drawn based on those findings. Finally, I am going to compare the article in which I have selected above to the information presented by Fiske (2010). I have included the comparison include in that a social psychological concept in addition to evolutionary theory or concepts that may at least partially explain the results. I personally think Fiske (2010) are at opposite ends of the spectrum and yet do believe in the same conclusions, but different ways of approaching the same subject. According to recent research, over one half of the people in cross-sex friendships report sexual attraction or sexual tension (Afifi, 2000). Not only is sexual attraction present, but it can also be perceived as a benefit in such relationships. In a study done by Bleske (2000), â€Å"men evaluated the potential for having sex with their close opposite-sex friend as more beneficial than did women. † Men are also more likely than women to view their cross-sex friendships as precursors to a romantic relationship (Reeder, 2000). The current research tested the hypothesis that men, more often than women, think of their opposite-sex friend sexually. Results showed that the differences between men and women were statistically significant, supporting the hypothesis those men, more often than women, think of their opposite-sex friends sexually. â€Å"What Im saying is and this is not a come-on in any way, shape or form is that men and women cant be friends because the sex part always gets in the way† (Reiner, 1989). This statement about relationships was boldly made by Harry in the film When Harry Met Sally. Historically, relationships between men and women have always been thought of as romantic. However, recently, researchers have been focusing on cross-sex friendships. Much of the research has been aimed at investigating the statement that Harry made in the film When Harry Met Sally: â€Å"Can men and women just be friends? † (Reiner, 1989). Perhaps Harry was right when he said that men and women cannot be friends without sex getting in the way. This sexual element is perceived by some as a negative in the relationship, while others see it as a positive and feel it spices up the friendship. Whether the sexual attraction is seen as a positive or negative in the relationship, it has always been assumed by researchers that if any sexual relations did develop between a man and a woman in a cross-sex friendship, they occurred after the friendship had shifted to a romantic relationship. In essence, the belief was that once sex entered the relationship, the two people involved took the relationship to a different level (Afifi, 2000). This study seems to suggest that not only is sexual tension very much a part of most cross-sex friendships. Even after such elements presented themselves in the relationship, most of the males and females remained friends. This disproved the notion that men and women are either in a platonic relationship or a sexual, romantic relationship. It suggests that men and women can be friends, along with being sex partners. It is important to keep in mind that not all male-female friendships involve sex. The next motive found was labeled time out. In this circumstance, the person either did not want or did not feel ready to be involved in a romantic relationship at the time. Another motive reported was labeled safeguard relationship. This means the person did not want to get involved in a romantic relationship because he/she did not want to lose the friendship. The next most commonly reported motive was labeled third party. Under this circumstance, participants reported that one of the friends was involved in a romantic relationship with someone else. The final motive was labeled risk aversion. In this case, participants reported they did not want to be disappointed or hurt. These findings help affirm the fact that some men and women in cross-sex friendships prefer to remain entirely platonic for one reason or another. After researchers discovered these different types of cross-sex friendships, they wanted to study the benefits of cross-sex relationships to better understand why some friends remain platonic and others do not. In order to do this, much of the researchers began by studying the interactions of children. Along with interacting differently, men and women perceive different benefits in their cross-sex relationships. Women report the main benefit of their cross-sex relationships is getting to participate in more masculine activities. Men, on the hand, report the main benefit of such relationships is nurturing and emotional support. Because of these differing views on the benefits of their relationships, it has been found that men are more likely than women to view their cross-sex friendships as precursors to a romantic relationship. In conclusion, does it really matter anyway if friends have a cost or beneficial relationship , or is the new coined term â€Å"friends with benefits† so really, what is a benefit anyway, We can think of the word benefit in any representation we in society wants it to be? How do you want it?