Theme Of Lord Of The Flies - 1453 Words

Joshua Bradshaw Mrs. Varnam English 10, Period 2 23 November 2014 Theme Developed in Lord of the Flies Different events in life can change who people are. These events can change anyone including people who are civilized and well educated. Life-changing events bring out different sides of people. These sides can be unexpected and sometimes horrifying. This is shown in the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding. A group of well-educated and upper-class boys survive a plane crash and are stranded on a deserted island in the Pacific. These boys range from younger kids to teenage boys. The island and the challenge of survival tests the boys on who they really are. Some of these boys want to survive in an orderly and productive way whereas others are not concerned about getting rescued and turn into savages. In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the author uses character conflict and setting to teach that man is essentially good but has evil in him. Whether or not he chooses to let the evil take over in times of adversity decides if he is civilized or not. The author creates this theme by using character conflict. In the novel, there are a couple main characters. Out of the main characters two stand out the most because of their opposite qualities. One of these boys is named Ralph, a boy with â€Å"...fair hair† (6). He meets up with a boy named Piggy and they call all the boys on the island together using a conch shell. A group of choir boys join the group. AfterShow MoreRelatedTheme Themes In Lord Of The Flies716 Words   |  3 Pages Golding Theme Essay The author of the book Lord of the Flies, William Golding published this loss of innocence fiction novel post World War II. During this time, the Nazi’s were being heavily criticized by the public for supporting Hitler’s evil ways. In this allegory Golding’s central theme is depicted in this excerpt, â€Å"It was simply what seemed sensible for me to write after the war when everyone was thanking God we weren’t Nazis† (Golding). This theme is an accurate representation of the storyRead More Themes in Lord of the Flies Essay682 Words   |  3 Pages William Goldning’s Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel where literary techniques are utilized to convey the main ideas and themes of the novel. Two important central themes of the novel includes loss of civilization and innocense which tie into the concept of innate human evil. Loss of civilization is simply the transition from civilization to savagery; order to chaos. The concept of loss o f innocense is a key concept to innate human evil because childhood innocense is disrupted as the groupRead MoreTheme Of Lord Of The Flies And The Guide Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesMD. Moazzam Hossain ID NO. 133013040 ENG 302 The Novel-1 Submitted to: Ms Arifa Rahaman Date: 09.12.2015 Theme of ‘Lord of The Flies’ and ‘The Guide’ ‘Lord of the flies’(1954) and ‘The guide’(1958) are the two novels written by famous novelists William Golding and R.K. Narayan. ‘Lord of the Flies’ portrays the story of a group of British boys trapped on an abandoned island who try to administrate themselves with catastrophic results and On the other side, R.K. Narayan quite consciouslyRead MoreThe Theme of Lord of the Flies Essay930 Words   |  4 Pagesas they knew it deteriorates. Lord of the Flies is influenced by the authors life and experiences. Goldings outlook on life changes, due to his heavy involvement in W.W.II, to his current philosophy that quot;The shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual, and not on any political system however apparently logical or respectablequot; (Baker, 1965). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The major theme that Golding develops in Lord of the Flies is the deterioration of rules andRead MoreLord Of The Flies Theme Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesLord Of The Flies Imagine you were stranded, with a bunch of other kids your age. Seeing that there is no authority, no law; wouldn’t anyone feel strange? Wouldn’t one feel the necessity to set forth a few rules, to maintain everyone’s sanity? In the book, Lord Of The Flies by William Golding, the hidden brutality of one’s self becomes their worst nightmare. The theme of this story is: without structure and rule our basic ideas of how to treat other people and what is right or wrong will be lostRead MoreTheme Of Fear In Lord Of The Flies1006 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a more savage primitive like nature, and others want to curl up into a ball and wait for something or someone to help them. William Golding in the book Lord of The Flies uses fear throughout the whole book to make the reader feel more â€Å"on edge† when they’re reading the book. The main characters that are more predominant with this theme are Jack, Samneric, Piggy, and Ralph. Jack descends into the more savage like nature, while as Ralph is the complete opposite and believes they should be civilizedRead MoreThe Theme of Lord of the Flies Essay2118 Words   |  9 PagesThe theme of Lord of the Flies has been questioned and speculated about for decades. To answer the critics, Golding said that the theme was to trace the problems of society back to the sinful nature of man. The theme of Lord of the Flies has been questioned and speculated about for decades. To answer the critics, Golding said that the theme was to trace the problems of society back to the sinful nature of man. He wrote the book to show how political systems cannot govern society effectivelyRead MoreLord Of The Flies Innocence Theme Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesTherefore, as the boys turn to savageness, they lose their innocence and display evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In a literary criticism done by Gale Student Resources, the major theme pointed out is that there is an element of evil within us all. In the story, Golding shows that the young boys are capable of evil acts. The innocence is not within the children. (â€Å"Lord of the Flies†)   Ã‚  Ã‚   In many instances, the behavior among the boys is rapidly changed to savageness. Specifically, pigs become a big part in the route to evil andRead MoreTheme Of Fear In Lord Of The Flies1038 Words   |  5 PagesRecognizing Aspects of Fear We fear what we cannot see, we fear the unknown and it forces society to juristically change because it’s a part of human nature. In Lord of The Flies, by William Golding, Fear has been portrayed explicitly throughout, as fear is the source of conflicts within the boys, by affecting the nature and civilization on the island itself between the rivalry of Ralph and Jack and the through the decent into savagery causing fear to one another which had subsequently changeRead MoreTheme Of Pathos In Lord Of The Flies869 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the flies is a classic that uncovers the dark and disastrous personality of the most decent human being. The author, William Golding, uses pathos to bring an emotion of tragedy into the book which helps the reader to pick up on the the underlying messages about people. A form of logos can be picked up throughout the story as well by the description of the of insanity or backstabbing that is usually associated with stranding and inclosure. The book begins with a plane full of schoolboys

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Eight Free Essays

Bonnie didn’t have her keys. She knew exactly where they were, but that didn’t do her much good: they were lying on the bedside table next to Zander’s neat plain single bed. She cursed and kicked at the door, tears running down her face. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Eight or any similar topic only for you Order Now How was she going to get any of her stuff back? Some guy opened the front door of the building for her. â€Å"Jeez, relax,† he said, but Bonnie had already pushed past him and was running up the stairs to her room. Please let them be here, she thought, clinging to the banister, please. She had no doubt that Elena and Meredith would comfort her, would help her, no matter what she had said to them during their fight. They would help Bonnie figure out what to do. But they might be out. And she’d have no idea where to find Meredith and Elena, no idea where they spent their free time these days. How had she grown so far apart from her best friends? Bonnie wondered, wiping her hands across her cheeks, smearing away her tears and snot. Why had she treated them so badly? They were just trying to protect her. And they were right about Zander; they were so right. She snuffled miserably. When she reached the top of the stairs, Bonnie banged on their room door with her fist, hearing quick movement inside. They were home. Thank God. â€Å"Bonnie?† Meredith said, startled, when she opened the door, and then, â€Å"Oh, Bonnie,† as Bonnie threw herself, sobbing, into Meredith’s arms. Meredith hugged her, tight and fierce, and, for the first time since she had jumped away from Zander and run for the fire escape, Bonnie felt safe. â€Å"What’s the matter, Bonnie? What happened?† Elena was behind Meredith, peering at her anxiously, and part of Bonnie noticed that Elena’s own white and startled face was marked with tears. She was interrupting something, but Bonnie couldn’t focus on that now. Past Elena, she caught sight of herself in the mirror. Her hair stood out around her face in a wild red cloud, her eyes were glassy, and her pale face was smeared with dirt and tears. I look, Bonnie thought with a semihysterical silent laugh, like I was chased by werewolves. â€Å"Werewolves,† she wailed as Meredith pul ed her into the room. â€Å"They’re al werewolves.† â€Å"What are you – † Meredith broke off. â€Å"Bonnie, do you mean Zander and his friends? They’re werewolves?† Bonnie nodded furiously, burying her face against Meredith’s shoulder. Meredith pushed her back and looked careful y into her eyes. â€Å"Are you sure, Bonnie?† she asked gently. She looked to Elena, and they both turned and glanced out the window at the sky. â€Å"Did you see them change? It’s not the ful moon yet.† â€Å"No,† Bonnie said. She tried to catch her breath, taking harsh sobbing gulps of air. â€Å"Zander told me. And then – oh, Meredith, it was so scary – I ran, and they chased me.† She explained what happened, on the roof and on the lawns of the col ege. Meredith and Elena looked at each other quizzical y, then back at Bonnie. â€Å"Why did he tel you?† Elena asked. â€Å"He couldn’t have thought you would have a good reaction to the news; it would have been easier to keep hiding it.† Bonnie shook her head helplessly. Meredith arched an ironic eyebrow at her. â€Å"Even monsters can fal in love,† she said. â€Å"I thought you knew that, Elena.† She glanced at her hunting stave, leaning against the foot of her bed. â€Å"When the ful moon comes, now I’l know what to look for.† Bonnie stared at her in horror. â€Å"You’re not going to hunt them, are you?† It was a stupid question, she knew. If Zander and his friends real y were behind the murders and disappearances on campus, Meredith had to hunt them. It was her responsibility. Al of their responsibilities, real y, because if they were the only ones who knew the truth, they were the only ones who could keep everyone else safe. But Zander, something inside her howled in pain. Not Zander†¦ â€Å"None of the attacks occurred during a ful moon,† Elena said thoughtful y, and Meredith and Bonnie both blinked at her. â€Å"That’s true,† Meredith agreed, frowning as she thought back. â€Å"I don’t know how we didn’t realize that before. Bonnie,† she said. â€Å"Think careful y before you answer this question. You’ve been spending a lot of time with Zander and his friends. Did anything about them make you think they might hurt someone, real y hurt them, when they’re not in wolf form?† â€Å"No!† Bonnie said automatical y. Then she stopped and thought and said, more slowly, â€Å"No, I don’t think so. Zander’s real y kind, I don’t think he could fake that. Not al the time. They play rough, but I’ve never seen them fight with anyone except one another. And even with one another, they’re not real y fighting, just more sort of messing around.† â€Å"We know what you mean,† Meredith said dryly. â€Å"We’ve seen it.† Elena tucked a lock of hair behind her ear. â€Å"The disappearances weren’t during the ful moon, either,† she said thoughtful y. â€Å"Although I guess they could have been taking people and holding them prisoner, planning to kil them when they were in wolf form later, but that doesn’t – I mean, I don’t have much werewolf experience besides Tyler, but – it doesn’t sound very wolfy to me. Too sterile, sort of.† â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie sank down on her bed. â€Å"You think there’s a chance Zander and his friends might not be the kil ers? Then who are the kil ers?† She felt bewildered. Meredith and Elena exchanged a grim glance. â€Å"You wouldn’t believe some of the stuff that happens on this campus,† Elena said. â€Å"We’l fil you in.† Bonnie rubbed her face with her hands. â€Å"Zander told me he was a good werewolf,† she said. â€Å"That he didn’t hurt people. Is that possible? Is there even such a thing as a good werewolf?† Meredith and Elena sat down next to her, one on each side, and wrapped their arms around her. â€Å"Maybe?† Elena said. â€Å"I real y hope so, Bonnie. For your sake.† Bonnie sighed and cuddled closer to them, resting her head on Meredith’s shoulder. â€Å"I need to think about al this,† she said. â€Å"At least I’m not alone. I’m so glad I have you guys. I’m sorry we fought.† Elena and Meredith both hugged her more tightly. â€Å"You’ve always got us,† Elena promised. A wild hammering came at the door. Elena glanced at Bonnie, who tensed visibly on her bed but kept her hands over her face, and then at Meredith, who nodded firmly to her and climbed to her feet, reaching for her stave. It had occurred to both of them that, if Zander wanted to talk to Bonnie, he knew exactly where she lived. Elena flung open the door, and Matt tumbled in. He was wearing a long black hooded robe, and his eyes were frantic as he gasped for breath. â€Å"Matt?† she said in surprise, and looked to Meredith, who gave a tiny shrug and put her stave back down. â€Å"What’s the matter? And what are you wearing?† He grabbed Elena by the shoulders, holding her too tightly. â€Å"Stefan’s in danger,† he said, and she froze. â€Å"The Vitale Society – they’re vampires. Stefan saved me, but he can’t fight them al .† He quickly explained what happened in the secret chamber below the library, how Stefan came to his rescue, then sent him to get help. â€Å"We don’t have much time,† he finished. â€Å"They’re kil ing – they’re changing al the pledges into vampires. I don’t even know what Ethan’s got planned for Stefan. We have to go back. And we need Damon.† Meredith picked up her stave again and, grim faced, was taking her satchel of weapons from her closet. Bonnie was on her feet, too, fists clenched, jaw firm. â€Å"I’l cal Damon,† Elena said, picking up her phone. Damon had dropped her off at the dorm after walking her back from James’s house, but he was probably stil nearby. Stefan in danger. If he †¦ if anything happened to him, if something happened while they were apart, while he was stil hurt and it was her fault, Elena would never forgive herself. She wouldn’t deserve to be forgiven. Guilt was like a knife in her stomach. How could she have hurt Stefan like that? She was attracted to Damon, sure, even loved him, but she’d never had any question that Stefan was her true love. And she had broken his heart. She’d do anything to save Stefan. She’d die for him if she had to. And, as she listened to the ringing on the other end of the line and waited for Damon to pick up, she realized that there was no question in her mind that Damon would do anything to save Stefan, too. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Eight, Essay examples

AICD Challenges regarding Corporate Governance-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Challenges faced by Australian Institute of Company Directors regarding its Corporate Governance Practices. Answer: Reason for the Case Study Corporate Governance involves a set of rules, regulations, procedures with which a company is controlled and directed(Farrar, 2008). Primary scope of corporate governance involves balancing of interest of various stakeholders of the company. Stakeholders of a company can be internal or external involves, government financiers, customers, suppliers, shareholders, community and so on. Corporate governance provides a framework whereby a company is able to meet its objectives, undertaking internal controls towards performance measurement and corporate disclosures. The scope of this report is to undertake Corporate Governance review of Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD), such that they are able to meet interests of its stakeholders(Mallin, 2011). As corporate governance aim is to understand best ways in which stakeholders interests of the organisation can be met, the report connects various reasons to the same. Corporate Governance involves each and every sphere of the management thus, rules needs to be applied for dictating of a corporate behavior. While there are a number of advisors, who are in position to dictate corporate behavior it cannot reflect governance. The Board of Directors is critical in corporate governance for appropriate equity valuation. Board of Directors has a direct impact on stakeholders for influencing corporate governance. Members of the Board are elected by shareholders or appointed by other members from the Board, such that they form a representation for the company(Bebchuk, 2009). There are various functions, which are undertaken by the Board for making of important decisions, they appoints corporate officer, conducts dividend policy and does executive compensation. Board obligations are way beyond financial obligations and they often need to undertake shareholder resolution for social or environmental priorities. Hence, it is the responsibility of the Board to a pply Good Corporate Governance. Bad Governance can create doubt on a companys integrity, reliability and obligations to its shareholders. It also creates intolerance towards stakeholders in cases of bad governance. In case a company does not apply corporate governance then there can be noncompliant financial results, bad compensations packages as well. On the other hand, good corporate governance creates a positive ambience towards the company Boards and creating a transparent rules and controls. Companies generally strive to apply highest levels of corporate governance, for reflecting good corporate citizenship by various endeavors. Thus, it is critical that all stakeholders interests are met adequately for apply corporate governance(Larcker, 2007). Background Purpose and Scope Corporate Governance is often focused by multiple top corporation as being the primary obligation of their businesses(Adams, 2010). Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) opinion is that companys board of directors has responsibility of placing shareholders interests prior to stakeholders interests. There have been multiple instances where shareholders interest has been prioritized over stakeholders interests. AICD however, wants that all its stakeholders interests be met and satisfied for better public appraisal in regards to its corporate governance endeavors(Brezeanu, 2008). Proprietary Theory is one in which there is no fundamental distinction between legal entity and its owner. It implies that an entity does not exists separately from its owners for accounting purpose. Entity Theory is applied with three basic assumption as economic activity being of business conducting being distinct from its owners. Its primary activity is that a company can and will be accounted as separately from its owners activities. Enterprise Theory establishes that there are two clashing motivation of business, which is for making profits, where production in curtailed for purpose of price and making high profits. Stakeholder Theory is a theory for organisational management and business ethics that establishes morals and values for managing organisation. Till date the organisation had been overlooking needs of various stakeholders and been concerned with only needs of its shareholders. Such point of view can give rise to challenges from not only current situation but also for the future. It might decrease sustainability aspect of the business. There might be substantial amounts of issues created from implication of such challenges, which might further replicate in the future. Purpose and scope of this report concerns highlighting various problems faced by organisation in connection to its prioritizing of various shareholders interests. While safeguarding stakeholders interests and looking after their concerns is of importance, the organisation has been overlooking and ignoring the same. Thus, the report highlights critical recommendations that the organisation needs to accommodate in order to overcome particular challenges that it faces currently(Kang, 2007). Problems and Solution Organisations need to strive to attend to maximize stakeholders interests compared to those of its shareholders. Various stakeholders can have multiple conflicting interests which has raised several scandals across multinational organisations(Aguilera, 2007). Cases of Enron, ImClone, Global Crossing, Tyco International and WorldCom have provided immense insights regarding authorities who have highlighted shareholders interests supremacy. Thus, theory of corporate governance prevails that establishes its supremacy and also applicability. Below are mentioned some problems that AICD faces and there solutions, with certain recommendations. 1st Problem: Balancing of shareholders interests against those of stakeholders might lead to financial interests of shareholders. Increasing financial returns of shareholders from accounts or other discrepancies might lead to corruption. Auditors are also made to view shareholders return, manipulating returns of the company often reflecting losses for the same. This, problem can lead to a long term issue and raise external stakeholders concern in regards to auditing. Thus, the first problem concerns highlighting shareholders theory compared to stakeholder theory. Solution 1st Problem: Solution to all problems faced by the current organisation is adapting corporate governance procedures and highlighting interests of stakeholders(Kayode, 2015). Looking after shareholders interests can lead to viewing their interests which is to maximize their returns. Shareholders interests can be balanced by the organisation, but its fallouts can be explained to the Board of Directors. Thereafter, discussing the long term sustainability of the organisation appropriation of profits to stakeholders can be attempted. Focusing on appropriation of profits will enable building of trust in the organisation. 2nd Problem: Shareholder and stakeholder theories are normative theories of corporate social responsibility. Role of corporate social responsibility concerns doing what is right. Thus, theories of business ethics for doing what is right are often contradictory to shareholders and stakeholders theory. The current organisation will not be able to apply ethical codes of conduct within the organisation if it is not able to able stakeholders theory appropriately. Second problem thus, concerns itself with application of ethics within the organisation. Solution 2nd Problem: Ethics is critical to every business, especially for Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD)(Friedman, 2007). Applying of ethics will yield long term benefits to the business of the organisation. An ethical code of conduct for the entire organisation needs to be developed and adopted by the Board of Directors. Such ethical codes will contains norms and clauses for highlighting of stakeholders interests. It is integral for an organisation for accommodating ethical codes, which includes shareholders interests within those of stakeholders interests. 3rd Problem: Stakeholders theory asserts that managers of an organisation have duty towards corporation shareholders, individuals as well as constituencies who work for the organisation. Hence, according to fundamental concepts it is the sole responsibility of managers to look after interests of stakeholders even in case it reduces the companys profitability. It can be drawn from the concept that stakeholders need to have a critical role to play in decision making, which is not the case as shareholders interests are taken care off. Solution 3rd Problem: Stakeholders interests can appropriately be reflected in their ideas incorporated into decision making. Board Members needs to adopt procedures such that all stakeholders decisions are incorporated into attaining of any particular objective of an organisation. When all stakeholders will gain consideration then an objective will be met appropriately. Recommendations AICD will be able to overcome its current situation and apply corporate governance codes of practices(Young, 2008). Though there might be dispute over stakeholders or shareholders interests being of importance. While shareholders invests in businesses for financial returns, it can be argued that the will seek to maximize their profits or returns and have their say in business. However, for long term gains it can be said that all stakeholders ways and means needs to be evaluated. The following are some recommendations that can act in favor of the business; AICD needs to establish documented segregation concerning roles and responsibilities of shareholders, the Board of Directors and management. Clarification of roles and responsibility helps understand particular segregation in roles and execute them accordingly. This platform also provides for reduced conflicts amongst the various participants of a business. Implementing Authority Matrix, such that there are no confusion regarding delegation of authorities. An Authority Matrix is especially useful in cases where there are multiple members in the management and no single grievance handling procedure. Educating Board Members might seem a critical responsibility but includes an integral role. The Broad Members needs to know regarding the roles that stakeholders possesses within an organisation and its impact. Corporate Governance has already achieved its success across multiple multinationals. Addressing transparency issues, is integral for any type of organisation. Especially in AICD, various stakeholders deserves the right to know ways decisions are made and impended upon them. Transparency has various other positive impacts as well, that can benefit the organisation in the long run by way of employee satisfaction, higher productivity and lower turnover rates. Establishing Audit and Risk Committee and recognizing governance risks for the Board of Directors. Any fraudulent practices or any accounts discrepancy is supposed to be right and responsibility of the Board of Directors solely. Hence, it becomes crucial that an appropriate Audit and Risk Committee is established which recognizes such risks and files returns in compliance with all possible legitimate standards. Lastly every stakeholder needs to realize their contribution to the organisation, which in totality is of much greater interests. Every form of strategic decisions taken by the organisation, by its Board Members has a long term standing impact on sustainability and viability of the business hence is crucial. Therefore, more the contribution from stakeholders towards an objective or decision better is the sustainability for the organisation. Conclusion Corporate Governance is seen as a key concept that can render efficiency and effectiveness to the functioning of an organisation. Primary responsibility of Board members is to abide by its stakeholders needs and necessities. An organisation that is capable of meeting such diversified stakeholders needs emerges as a leading one, with trusts from its customers and internal stakeholders. Good governance can be reflected through corporate governance endeavors which if applied by an organisation, AICD can earn interests form its stakeholders. AICD will accommodate recommendations provided for including relevant aspects to response to diverse stakeholder audiences. Corporate Governance practices application might require the organisation adopt a new set of standards, practices or rules. Such procedures will be developed in consultation with the Board Members. However, in this case the Board Members need to consider views of all relevant stakeholders of the organisation as it will allow dev elopment of better codes of conduct, roles and responsibilities. These recommendations will allow the company emerge as a corporate governance specialists and earn reputation in the field. Reference Lists Adams, R. B. 2010. The role of boards of directors in corporate governance: A conceptual framework and survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 58-107. Aguilera, R. R. 2007. Putting the S back in corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations. . Academy of management review, 32(3), 836-863. Bebchuk, L. C. 2009. What matters in corporate governance? Review of Financial studies, 783-827. Brezeanu, P. a. 2008. Corporate governance models. VIII (I), 15. Farrar, J. 2008. Corporate governance: Theories, principles and practice. Oxford University Press. Friedman, M. 2007. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. In Corporate ethics and corporate governance. springer berlin heidelberg., 173-178. Kang, H. C. 2007. Corporate governance and board composition: Diversity and independence of Australian boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 194-207. Kayode, M. K. 2015. Managerial Incentives and Corporate Governance. Larcker, D. F. 2007. Corporate governance, accounting outcomes, and organizational performance. . The Accounting Review, 963-1008. Mallin, C. A. 2011. Handbook on international corporate governance: country analyses. Edward Elgar Publishing. Young, M. P. 2008. Corporate governance in emerging economies: A review of the principalprincipal perspective. Journal of management studies, 45(1), 196-220.

The Reconstruction Era and Its Effects free essay sample

The war, which was aimed at confronting the national dilemma of slavery, only led to subsequent problems over emancipation and an undefined condition of freedom. Some, who had naively assumed that ending slavery would resolve the problem Of racial inequality, overlooked the prejudice and unpleasant leaning towards blacks. Noons plan for reconstruction was aimed at reuniting southern states with the union and to strengthen the Republican Party in the South; which were his main supporters. One of the main purposes of Lincoln plan for Reconstruction was that all slaves be freed. In Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation, he stated that all slaves would be declared free in those states still in rebellion against the United States (Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation: January 1, 1863). However, this only pertained to those states which, after that date, came under the military control of the Union Army. It did not concern slaves in states such as Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri and parts of Virginia and Louisiana, that were already occupied by Northern troops. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reconstruction Era and Its Effects or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This illustrates Lincoln agenda to have as many African Americans as possible enlist in the Union Army. Under Lincoln plan, for a state to be permitted back in the union, voters had to take an oath of loyalty. If 10% of voters took the oath, statehood would be re-established. Fonder comments that Lincoln did not recognize emancipation as a social revolution or believe that Reconstruction would bring about social ND political changes outside of abolishing of slavery (36).Lincoln main objective was political and although he is given credit for freeing the slaves, African Americans earned and fought for this right during the Civil War. President Lincoln was assassinated in April 1 865 for what was a direct correlation to his freeing of slaves. President Lincoln was a very smart man in that he knew by freeing the slaves, it would further his cause to get the nation under his control. Andrew Johnson succeeded Lincoln for the Presidency after Lincoln unfortunate assassination.Joy moons continued Lincoln moderate policies after Lincoln assassination, but ratification in the South of the Black Codes and demand in the North for stricter legislation, resulted in victories for Radical Republicans in the congressional elections of 1 866 (Senate and Mattson 1 10-111). The Black Codes were a new form of slavery that forced restrictions on freed slaves such as barring their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against whites, carrying weapons in public and working in certain jobs. President Johnson vetoed numerous bills in reference to equality for freed slaves.These bills included he Freedmans Bureau and Civil Rights which he vetoed in April 1866 (Fonder 247-251). Radical Republicans appro ved the Civil Rights Bill after Johnnys veto and were also able to get the Reconstruction Acts passed in 1 867 and 1868. Despite these acts, control over Southern state governments was steadily restored when organizations such as the UK Klux Klan were able to terrify blacks from voting in elections (Senate and Mattson 122). Once Lincoln was out of the way, Radicals believed they could shape Johnnys policy. When he disregarded their input they attempted to impeach him in 1968 but failed by one vote.Not condoning President Johnnys actions but attempting to remove Secretary of War and replaced him someone else was grounds for impeachment. Deeper reasons for his impeachment would be that Johnson was working out in hopes of rectifying the Reconstruction effort and you cant simply assassinate two Presidents in a row. Radicals such as Ben Butler even endeavored to make a connection between Johnson and the murder of Lincoln (Bowers 164). The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments had been added to the Constitution by the end of 1870 and resulted in the promises of abolishing slavery made by Lincoln in Emancipation Pr oclamation. In his 2nd Inaugural address, Lincoln advocated that the Civil War was Gods punishment of a nation having human beings kept in bondage (Abraham Lincoln Second Inaugural Address: March 4, 1865). Just for a slight moment was Lincoln goal realized before the acts of then President Johnson attempted to strip away Lincoln foundation for freedom. Before Lincoln was assassinated he managed to get the thirteenth amendment passed in House after it failed to do so in 1864. This was important for Lincoln with elections coming up and he knew that if this wasnt eased his chances of reelection would be doubtful.The thirteenth amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude and was the first grant of civil rights given to African Americans (thirteenth Amendment: January 31, 1865). The 14th Amendment was passed into law and protects the rights against state infringements, defines citizenship, prohibits States from interfering with privileges and immunities, requires due process and equal prote ction, punishes states for denying vote, and disqualifies Confederate officials and debts (Fourteenth Amendment: June 16, 1866).For the first time the word equal was established into the Constitution. As a result of the Civil Rights Bill and the Fourteenth Amendment, permitted African Americans the power to make their own labor contracts and commence lawsuits, and delegated upon the federal government the power to protect equal rights and citizenship to all its citizens. The 1 5th Amendment was added to the Constitution which forbids states from refusing citizens the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (Fifteenth Amendment: December 7, 1968).These three bills that were deed to the Bill of Rights and laid the groundwork for equality were African Americans would be treated fairly and equally in society; something that simply didnt occur during Reconstruction. Beginning in 1 867, Congress passed Reconstruction Acts that permitted Black males who had been slaves the right to vote and hold public office. Johnson vetoed the Reconstruction bill when it reached his desk on March 2, 1867, but Congress was swiftly overrode his veto and passed it into law (Bowers 155). John W.Meaner was elected to the House of Representatives from Louisiana UT was barred from assuming his seat in Congress by white members. Meaner made history by becoming the first Black American to ever address Congress while defending his claim for the seated he rightfully deserved (Dray 70). Joseph Haynes Rained was the first Black seated member in the House of Representatives. Rained a native of South Carolina, momentarily owned a slave and served in the Confederate Army (Dray 55). Hiram Revels became the nations first Black senator in 1870 by represented Mississippi in the U. S. Senate.He was a minister and newly appointed senator that like Meaner, had o fight for his seat in Congress (Dray 70). Revels was admired for his overestimated skills and he used those skills to fight efforts to keep Washington D. C. Schools segregated and to assist black workers from being barred from working in the Washington D. C. Navy yard. Radical Republicans such as Senator Charles Sumner of Massacre guests and Congressman Thatched Stevens of Pennsylvania fought for bills that would help the freed slaves assimilate into the American society and achieve equal rights with their white citizens (Dray 53).Stevens was largely known for his role in engineering he impeachment of President Johnson. These capitol mens thirty-one years of occupancy in Congress came to a halt on March 4, 1 901 , when both houses of North Carolina legislation passed resolutions denied blacks the right to vote (Dray 351 As soon as the Union Army withdrew its troops from the South, life and liberty were at risk for African Americans.Southern states werent intimidated by the Fifteenth Amendment which gave African Americans the right to vote and led by Mississippi and South Carolina conceived ways to stop their citizenship and voting rights (Senate and Mattson 126). There were three static integrated to eradicate African American voters from the polls; criminal convictions, poll taxes and literacy tests. Although these devices were absurd, if someone has committed a criminal offense, then they dont deserve the right to vote.Of course this law still applies today to criminals but when you look at the times these devices were put into place and the racist people who judge these men, you have to wonder i f some had committed any crimes at all. The main issue with this tactic is that whites that had committed the same crimes were permitted the right to vote which goes directly against the Fifteenth Amendment. The poll taxes was a very clever idea in that if you African Americans wanted to vote, they had to pay the tax nine months earlier and keep the receipt when they came to the polls. If a person lost their receipt they couldnt vote and were turned away. This tactic was the most unjust out of the three; why the Southern states would chose a timeshare Of nine months in advance to pay the poll tax but who is going to be able to keep a receipt in excellent condition let alone still have possession after nine months. The last ploy used was that a potential voter had to exhibit that he could read ND understand sections of the state constitution (Senate and Mattson 126-127). This makes sense because if someone sins familiar with the state constitution they are voting on, then why are they voting.The problem with this is that the registrar was the only judge which left room for discrimination. All southern states had passed laws to keep African Americans from voting. These laws were renowned as the Grandfather Clauses and resulted in whites who may had lost the right to vote, the right to vote. These Grandfather Clauses enforced a law passed in Louisiana that prevented African Americans from voting. The law stated that No male person who was on January 1st, 1867 or at any date prior thereto, entitled to vote And no son or grandson of any such person Hall be denied the right to register or vote (Senate and Mattson 127). Now this one was over the top because African Americans werent given the right to vote until after March 2, 1867. With this in mind, the law is biased to practically every African American in the state. The government sat back and allow this to occur, knowing that the Southern states are deceptive is one thing button put it into law is another. In conclusion, if President Lincoln wasnt assassinated, most of these horrendous acts may have been avoided in African Americans struggle to oppose inequality.